, The Belknap Press of Harvard University<\/span><\/p>\nPress, 224 pages, hardback ISBN 9780674598492, \u0569\u0082\u0539\u058925.95<\/p>\n
A flamboyant volume indeed, with some hundred pages of brilliant maps<\/p>\n
and another hundred of history of wars, instruments of war, devastated<\/p>\n
countries and cultures, incessant assassinations of power holders and their<\/p>\n
families, mass exterminations, religious intolerance and murderous<\/p>\n
conflicts, destruction of temples, villages, towns and cities. In a nutshell,<\/p>\n
war tales of the Middle East, all through the last five thousand years \u0569\u00a7\u0549\u0082-\u0549\u0080\u009c an<\/p>\n
impressive scholarly achievement for sure. And all because, as one of the<\/p>\n
authors explains in the Introduction:<\/p>\n
\u0569\u00a7\u0549\u0082-\u056d\u009cThroughout recorded history the Levantine Corridor has seen the movement of<\/p>\n
armed forces, as those who controlled this vital strip commanded the whole<\/p>\n
Near Eastern region.\u0569\u00a7\u0549\u0082-\u0549\u0084\u00a7 (p.6)<\/p>\n
After reaching the end of the war narratives, and having endured the<\/p>\n
macabre tales, I somehow felt the need of an Epilogue, to better understand<\/p>\n
the real and moral <\/span><\/span>raison d\u0569\u00a7\u0549\u0082-\u0549\u0084\u00a7etre <\/span><\/span><\/i>of such an awesome endeavour, having in<\/span><\/span><\/p>\nmind the turbulent world in which we live. I sincerely wanted to know if<\/p>\n
the authors, having accomplished their task, do somehow believe or not<\/p>\n
that another world is possible. And if positively so, I would have felt<\/p>\n
enriched to know how they envisaged the transformation of that possibility<\/p>\n
into a probability. In case of a negative stance, then, alas, \u0569\u00a7\u0549\u0082-\u056d\u009cvanity, all is<\/p>\n
vanity\u0569\u00a7\u0549\u0082-\u0549\u0084\u00a7. The distinguished authors of this unique historical atlas left my<\/p>\n
queries unanswered.<\/p>\n
But then, I remembered a reassuring thought I read in another atlasbook,<\/p>\n
which had filled my heart with a distilled joy, and a feeling to share<\/p>\n
it with everyone:<\/p>\n
\u0569\u00a7\u0549\u0082-\u056d\u009cHomo sapiens has been around for at least 250,000 years. Yet war and military<\/p>\n
might have been known only in the last 5,000 \u0569\u00a7\u0549\u0082-\u0549\u0080\u009c 2% at most of our history. War<\/p>\n
is neither a part of human nature nor, necessarily, of civilised life.\u0569\u00a7\u0549\u0082-\u0549\u0084\u00a7<\/p>\n
The Gaia Peace Atlas, <\/i><\/span><\/span>Editor, Dr Frank Barnaby<\/span><\/span><\/p>\nQuoted in <\/span><\/span>Alternative World, <\/span><\/span><\/i>by Nares Craig. (p. 160)<\/span><\/span><\/p>\nIn one of his impressive volumes, Bertrand Russell diagnosed the malaise<\/p>\n
of power, saying:<\/p>\n
\u0569\u00a7\u0549\u0082-\u056d\u009cThroughout history, great nations have been led to disaster by unwillingness to<\/p>\n
admit that their power had limits.\u0569\u00a7\u0549\u0082-\u0549\u0084\u00a7<\/p>\n
Has Man a Future? <\/i><\/span><\/span>(p.45)<\/span><\/span><\/p>\nCrossroads of War <\/i><\/span><\/span>totally reaffirms Russell\u0569\u00a7\u0549\u0082-\u0549\u0084\u00a7s diagnosis. Regarding both<\/span><\/span><\/p>\nthe tragedy of the Jewish people in the aftermath of World War Two, and<\/p>\n
the diaspora of Palestinian refugees, the authors admit that:<\/p>\n
\u0569\u00a7\u0549\u0082-\u056d\u009cThe movement of many people to Palestine, and later the State of Israel,<\/p>\n
solved some problems for the Jews but, in turn, displaced Palestinian Arabs<\/p>\n
became refugees, forced to live in camps in other countries where they were not<\/p>\n
assimilated.\u0569\u00a7\u0549\u0082-\u0549\u0084\u00a7 (p. 178)<\/p>\n
An apt juxtaposition, for sure, but I remain shocked not to find mention of<\/p>\n
the word \u0569\u00a7\u0549\u0082-\u056d\u009c<\/span><\/span>Genocide\u0569\u00a7\u0549\u0082-\u0549\u0084\u00a7, <\/span><\/span><\/i>when most of the mass and cultural annihilations<\/span><\/span><\/p>\nmentioned by the authors do cry out to be acknowledged as such. It is<\/p>\n
worth remembering the <\/span><\/span>raison d\u0569\u00a7\u0549\u0082-\u0549\u0084\u00a7\u0569\u0083\u0539\u055dtre <\/span><\/span><\/i>of Raphael Lemkin\u0569\u00a7\u0549\u0082-\u0549\u0084\u00a7s coinage of the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\nword <\/span><\/span>Genocide <\/span><\/span><\/i>(see <\/span><\/span>Spokesman 93<\/span><\/span><\/i>)<\/span><\/span>. <\/span><\/span><\/i>Lemkin was adamant in saying that<\/span><\/span><\/p>\nGenocide <\/i><\/span><\/span>\u0569\u00a7\u0549\u0082-\u056d\u009chappened so many times\u0569\u00a7\u0549\u0082-\u0549\u0084\u00a7. Curiously enough, \u0569\u00a7\u0549\u0082-\u056d\u009c<\/span><\/span>Holocaust\u0569\u00a7\u0549\u0082-\u0549\u0084\u00a7 <\/span><\/span><\/i>is<\/span><\/span><\/p>\nmentioned once, only to label the Jewish survivors, those who dared<\/p>\n
survive the magnum crime.<\/p>\n
102 <\/span><\/span>Think Globally, Act Locally<\/span><\/span><\/i><\/p>\nIt\u0569\u00a7\u0549\u0082-\u0549\u0084\u00a7s worth pointing out that the word <\/span><\/span>Holocaust <\/span><\/span><\/i>was used during the<\/span><\/span><\/p>\nmassacres of the Armenians in the 1890s to underline the religious aspect<\/p>\n
of the tragedy \u0569\u00a7\u0549\u0082-\u0549\u0080\u009c Christian Armenians massacred by Moslem Turks and<\/p>\n
Kurds \u0569\u00a7\u0549\u0082-\u0549\u0080\u009c as a large mass of Armenians were burnt alive in the Urfa<\/p>\n
Cathedral in 1895. Hence the word \u0569\u00a7\u0549\u0082-\u056d\u009cHolocaust\u0569\u00a7\u0549\u0082-\u0549\u0084\u00a7 was used by the noted<\/p>\n
missionary, Corin Shattuck, to visualise and characterise this horrible<\/p>\n
event.<\/p>\n
Etymologically, <\/span><\/span>Holocaust <\/span><\/span><\/i>= <\/span><\/span>\u0569\u00a7\u0549\u0082-\u056d\u009cWhole-Burnt\u0569\u00a7\u0549\u0082-\u0549\u0084\u00a7<\/span><\/span><\/i>, and is intrinsically linked<\/span><\/span><\/p>\nwith the act of sacrifice \u0569\u00a7\u0549\u0082-\u0549\u0080\u009c a sacrificial offering which is completely<\/p>\n
consumed by fire, whereby cleansing from sins and, ultimately,<\/p>\n
purification is expected to be attained, functioning as an atonement, or<\/p>\n
indeed: \u0569\u00a7\u0549\u0082-\u056d\u009c<\/span><\/span>an offering made by fire, of a sweet savour unto the LORD\u0569\u00a7\u0549\u0082-\u0549\u0084\u00a7. <\/span><\/span><\/i>(<\/span><\/span>The<\/span><\/span><\/i><\/p>\nHoly Bible, authorised King James Version, Leviticus<\/i><\/span><\/span>, 1:17)<\/span><\/span><\/p>\nDoes genocide \u0569\u00a7\u0549\u0082-\u056d\u009ctaketh away the sins\u0569\u00a7\u0549\u0082-\u0549\u0084\u00a7 of the murdered community,<\/p>\n
whether massacred, gassed or burnt? Or does it, perhaps, cleanse the sins<\/p>\n
of the murderers for the bliss of purification? God forbid. With all respect<\/p>\n
to all concerned, it must be said that <\/span><\/span>Holocaust <\/span><\/span><\/i>is an erroneous and<\/span><\/span><\/p>\nmisleading coinage of the reality it is hoped to illustrate and define.<\/p>\n
Nazis committed the ultimate crime against humanity, rightly expressed<\/p>\n
with Lemkin\u0569\u00a7\u0549\u0082-\u0549\u0084\u00a7s more precise, politically pristine and religiously unbiased<\/p>\n
word \u0569\u00a7\u0549\u0082-\u0549\u0080\u009c <\/span><\/span>Genocide.<\/span><\/span><\/i><\/p>\nPerhaps the neglect of the term <\/span><\/span>Genocide <\/span><\/span><\/i>in Barnes & Ruthven\u0569\u00a7\u0549\u0082-\u0549\u0084\u00a7s book<\/span><\/span><\/p>\nis a subtle way of refuting Lemkin\u0569\u00a7\u0549\u0082-\u0549\u0084\u00a7s superb trove, especially when the<\/p>\n
distinguished linguist was adamant to remind us all that in the 20<\/span><\/span>th <\/span><\/span>century<\/span><\/span><\/p>\nGenocide <\/i><\/span><\/span>happened \u0569\u00a7\u0549\u0082-\u056d\u009cFirst to the Armenians, then after the Armenians, took<\/span><\/span><\/p>\naction\u0569\u00a7\u0549\u0082-\u0549\u0084\u00a7<\/span><\/span>. <\/span><\/span><\/i><\/b>(<\/span><\/span>History of the Genocide, <\/span><\/span><\/i>by V. Dadrian, p. 350)<\/span><\/span><\/p>\nThe Glossary on p.218 of the <\/span><\/span>Crossroads of War <\/span><\/span><\/i>defines \u0569\u00a7\u0549\u0082-\u056d\u009cHolocaust\u0569\u00a7\u0549\u0082-\u0549\u0084\u00a7 as:<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n\u0569\u00a7\u0549\u0082-\u056d\u009cSystematic mass murder or genocide of some 6 million Jews by Nazi Germany<\/p>\n
and its allies.\u0569\u00a7\u0549\u0082-\u0549\u0084\u00a7<\/p>\n
Obviously, the authors have cleansed the word <\/span><\/span>Holocaust <\/span><\/span><\/i>of all its original,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\nreligious attributes. When referring to the mass movements of refugees of<\/p>\n
the Middle East, it is negligent of historical data not to mention the<\/p>\n
survivors of the Genocide of the Armenians, who were uprooted from their<\/p>\n
ancestral homelands in Anatolia, as a result of the meticulously planned<\/p>\n
magnum crime executed by the proto-Nazi government of the Young<\/p>\n
Turks. Hence, starting in 1915, hundreds of thousands of Genocide<\/p>\n
survivors became the first Diaspora of Armenians in the Middle East.<\/p>\n
This year, 2015, is the 100<\/span><\/span>th <\/span><\/span>commemorative year of that Genocide of<\/span><\/span><\/p>\nthe Armenians. Let us hope the authors of this formidable atlas will not be<\/p>\n
Reviews <\/i><\/span><\/span>103<\/span><\/span><\/p>\ncharmed by the zealots of the camp who blindly refuse to acknowledge the<\/p>\n
veracity of that historical truth.<\/p>\n
In the last paragraph of the Introduction to <\/span><\/span>Crossroads of War<\/span><\/span><\/i>, Malise<\/span><\/span><\/p>\nRuthven draws a parallel between the Frankish Crusaders, also named as<\/p>\n
Outremer (from the French \u0569\u00a7\u0549\u0082-\u056d\u009c<\/span><\/span>outre mer\u0569\u00a7\u0549\u0082-\u0549\u0084\u00a7<\/span><\/span><\/i>), and the \u0569\u00a7\u0549\u0082-\u056d\u009cnew group of settlers\u0569\u00a7\u0549\u0082-\u0549\u0084\u00a7 \u0569\u00a7\u0549\u0082-\u0549\u0080\u009c<\/span><\/span><\/p>\nmeaning the Jewish ones \u0569\u00a7\u0549\u0082-\u0549\u0080\u009c \u0569\u00a7\u0549\u0082-\u056d\u009cwhose project for an occidental state in the<\/p>\n
Levant carries numerous echoes of <\/span><\/span>Outremer<\/span><\/span><\/i>\u0569\u00a7\u0549\u0082-\u0549\u0084\u00a7 (p. 13). She concludes<\/span><\/span>:<\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n\u0569\u00a7\u0549\u0082-\u056d\u009cToday a new <\/span><\/span>Outremer <\/span><\/span><\/i>remains, all-powerful, like its medieval predecessors.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\nBut there is no guarantee that in an increasingly hostile environment it can<\/p>\n
maintain this pre-eminence indefinitely.\u0569\u00a7\u0549\u0082-\u0549\u0084\u00a7 (p. 13)<\/p>\n
Today\u0569\u00a7\u0549\u0082-\u0549\u0084\u00a7s <\/span><\/span>